Bíblia Sagrada: comentada por José Carlos Ribeiro também em Inglês Cap. 04: comentário nas cartas de Corintios.

Holy Bible: commented by José Carlos Ribeiro also in English, Greek and Hebrew

     Cap. 04: comment in the letters of Corinthians.

THE CITY OF CORINTH - Greece

Location: The four most important cities of the Roman Empire were: Rome, Corinth, Ephesus and Antioch of Syria. So Corinth was famous. The city was located on an isthmus, which is a portion of land connecting a peninsula to the mainland. Had two ports. Thus, besides being the only passage by land between the north and the south of Greece, was also passing between Asia, Palestine and Italy. Mariners could get around the south of the peninsula. However, the sea in the region was very stormy. Corinth was then a corridor of goods. In addition, their lands were fertile. The city was rich and had strategic location on the world stage.

History: Greek Corinth. At the height of Greek civilization, Corinth already occupied a prominent place. In 146 BC, the city was destroyed by the Roman consul Mummius.

Roman Corinth. Due to its strategic location, the city was rebuilt in 46 BC by Julius Caesar, becoming capital of the Roman province of Achaia. The new Corinth had wide streets, squares, temples (Neptune, Apollo, etc.), stage (I Cor.9.24), theaters, statues, and the white and blue marble shrine (Rostra), which pronounced speeches and sentences.

The idolatry of Corinth. Idolatry was part of Greek culture with its numerous mythological gods. South of Corinth There was the temple of Aphrodite, also called Astarte, Venus or Vesper - goddess of love and fertility. Corruption of Corinth. Cults Aphrodite included sexual rites performed by priests in 1000, ie cultic prostitutes. Being contributed port city for a series to settle problems. Many travelers who passed indulged in prostitution and the practice of other crimes. The fact that they are passing created a sense of impunity, which in fact came true normally. These and other factors contributed to widespread corruption in the city.

Recent history. The city of Corinth was destroyed by a major earthquake in 1858. It was then rebuilt 6 km from the old site. Excavations in the ancient city allowed many archaeological discoveries, such as monuments, images and ruins of houses, temples and palaces.

THE CHURCH IN CORINTH. The Corinthian church was founded by the Apostle Paul during his second missionary journey, between 50 and 52 AD There Paul remained for eighteen months (At.18.1-8). The church was made up of Jews and Gentiles. Among its members were rich and poor, including slaves.

The Epistles to the Corinthians. In our Bibles, we have two Epistles of Paul to the Corinthians. However, we know that they would be at least three. R Cor.5.9, Paul refers to an earlier letter, which did not come to our hands. In II Cor. 7.8 there is reference to another letter that can be I Corinthians. Some commentators suggest that the letter mentioned in II Cor.7.8, is another epistle. In this case, we would have four letters. Still working with hypotheses, it is suggested that this epistle corresponds to Chapters 10 to 13 of II Corinthians, which could have been there later contained.

Then we have the following scheme:

First letter - missing - existence guaranteed by I Cor.5.9

Second letter - is that we call I Corinthians.

Third letter - missing - hypothetical existence.

4th letter - is that we call II Corinthians.

THE FIRST EPISTLE OF PAUL TO THE CORINTHIANS Author: Paul (1.1) Writer: Sosthenes (1.1)

Date: 56 A.D. Location: Ephesus (16.8)

Key Text: 5.7: Main reasons of the letter. In this epistle, Paul does not expose the fundamentals of the gospel, as did the Romans. After all, he had already been indoctrinating the Corinthians personally for a year and a half. Paul wrote that church after receiving a letter with questions from the Corinthians (I Cor 7.1;. 8.1-13) and the visit of people who came bringing bad news (1:11; 16:17). The problems of the Corinthians were many. Featured were the division and immorality.

Division in the church. As soon as Paul left Corinth, after founding the church, Apollo arrived and continued the work (At.18.24-28). As the apostle said: "I planted, Apollos watered .." (I Cor.3.6). His work was important and worthy of recognition. He was eloquent and managed to win the sympathy of many Corinthians. Apparently, the brothers were impressed with the person of Apollo and started making comparisons with Paul, who may not speak so well. (I Cor.2.1-5; II Cor 10.10.). Many have come to despise the apostle Paul, questioning his authority and his ministry. (I Cor.1.11-14). Were formed then parties within the church: the Paul, the Apollo, the Cephas (Peter in Aramaic) and Christ (I Cor.1.12). We do not know if Peter was personally in Corinth. It might be. Anyway, it is more likely that the name Peter was led by Christian Jews who came from Jerusalem. Perhaps this group meets the Judaizers who created so many problems for Paul. The fact that some call themselves "Christ" may have positive or negative direction. This could mean greater consecration, a rejection of partisanship, but may also indicate independence, rejection of all kinds of leadership and a demonstration "spiritual pride." While we can not draw conclusions about this in the first letter, the text of II Cor. 10.7 seems to show that those who claimed to be "Christ" were the most problematic.

City influences. As we have seen, the Corinthian city was dominated by idolatry, by immorality and widespread corruption. These factors were "knocking on the door of the church." In Corinth, the influences

City were doing mar the church. Pagan customs were influencing even

disruption of services. The carnality of the Corinthian Christians. The external influence only produces results when it finds inner receptivity. The carnality of those Christians was the door open to external evils.

     Thus, several problems arose in the church life.

In chapter 2, Paul speaks of the "natural man" (v.14) and the "spiritual man" (v.15). The natural man is wicked. The spiritual Christian is controlled by the Holy Spirit.

In chapter 3, verse 1, the author refers to the "carnal man". Carnality is the way of life according to the uncontrolled desires of the sinful nature. The carnal man is a believer without the control of the Holy Spirit. Your life becomes similar to the natural man, where the dominion of sin is seen naturally.

Specifying influences. Following, we will seek to expose the "background" of the Corinthian church problems. Several elements were contributing to that state of chaos.

         The letter shows Paul's effort to put things in their proper places. Many of them should be put out of the church. Religion and immorality (I Cor.5.1; 6.15-18; 7.2) The Corinthian culture mixed religion and immorality. In addition, the past life (6.9-11) of many of those brothers was a weak point, which is why some (or many?) Were carried away by sexual sins.

Paul makes it clear that this mixture could not exist within the church. The pattern of religiosity of the city was not for Christians. The most serious case is reported in Chapter 5, a man of the church had committed incest with his stepmother. The apostle urged that it be expelled from the church. In such cases, many could appeal to tolerance, love, etc. However, impunity would be a strong incentive for others to take leave for similar sins. The exclusion needed to be done. Subsequently, the brother could be readmitted to the congregation, as seems to have occurred (II Cor.2).

The immorality of Corinth would eventually devalue marriage. Therefore, Paul gives them various orientations that marriage was seen as a divine institution.  Though the apostle affirms that it is better to be single to serve God, it also makes clear his advice in the sense that the married do not separate. Marriage is placed as an important antidote against immorality. The sexual problem also misrepresented the concept of love. Aphrodite was considered the goddess of love and this had a primarily sexual connotation. In this context comes the Greek word "eroticism", which is derived from the name "Eros", a god of mythology. Paul seems to be concerned with this issue when devotes Chapter 13 to love. He wants to form a correct concept about love, showing what it is and what it is not. Religion and order in worship (I Cor.14.23,26-35) Pagan disorder and the Christian order. Knowing that the cult of Aphrodite was an orgy, we deduce that there were not ideal of reverence, order, decency and organization. Church services, but did not include sexual practices were quite tumultuous. Paul then wrote, trying to establish principles that could regulate the church meetings. So he says in order to avoid speaking in tongues without interpretation. And when that does not express more than three prophets.

          Advises women to stay silent during the service and keep the questions to their husbands at home. We understand that Paul did not intend to create a "straitjacket" for us, as if dictating a set of "ecclesiastical laws". These guidelines were so radical as the situation of the Corinthians was serious. From all this, we must keep the principles of order, decency, reverence, only to do in worship that which can promote the building of the church.

Religion and female behavior. Why is it that Paul was so strict towards women Christian? Let us remember that women held prominent place in the pagan religion of Corinth. The main deity was a goddess. Women officiated the services Aphrodite. 1000 were priestesses who prostituted in the temple. In addition, prostitutes proliferated through the city. Commentators tell us that when a woman wearing the veil, that meant she was submissive to a man, either her husband, father or a responsible relative. When you saw a woman without a veil and with shorn or shaved hair, as he concluded that it was fully available. That was the way prostitutes were identified. Thus, Christian women need to act with modesty, had to wear the veil and keep your long hair. In the services they would not be given a prominent position or leadership. You could not let the pagan style of worship influenced the church. The use of the veil was important in that cultural context. I do use it in those days would hardly cause for testimony or scandal. So it was wise for Christian women to wear the veil. We can compare this to the use of the alliance today as betrothal signal. If the married man or married women stop using alliance, will not be disobeying a specific biblical commandment, but will be raising suspicions and bad judgments, which is not edifying for the Christian nor the gospel.

Then reinforces the need for us to extract the principles that such passages bring us and not its literal application. Paul is teaching the use of common sense in relation to cultural customs and is also advising on the man's authority over his wife.

Religion and power (I Cor.8.10; 10:27). Just as occurred in Judaism, animal sacrifices were common in many religions. Part of the animal was burned on the altar. Another part was served to suppliers, priests and guests. They were, therefore, frequent meals in pagan temples. This influence came two problems for the church: 1 - Christians held meals in the church in busy environment and called it the Lord's Supper. The rich brought lots of food and drink to the church. They even get drunk (I Cor.11.20-22). Meanwhile, the poor brothers often had nothing to take. This is then made an embarrassing and humiliating situation. So Paul asked, "Do not you have homes to eat and drink? "The church meetings could not reproduce the meals of pagan temples. So eat and drink? "The church meetings could not reproduce the meals of pagan temples.

              So the apostle instructs how to be the Lord's Supper: with reverence, order and holiness

(I Cor.11.23-34). 2 - Another problem is that the meals in pagan temples were social events and eventually the Christians could be invited to participate. Would then be facing a food sacrificed to idols. Paul says that, since the idol is anything, it is an illusion, then the sacrificed meat is like any other meat. Here there is no curse or contamination. But if a Christian who once loved that pagan temple, sees a brother there eating the flesh of the sacrifice, he might be tempted to return to its former practice. Then creates a stumbling and confusion situation. If participation in such meals can become a scandal, so it's best to avoid them (I Cor. 8). He also says that the Christian can not attend the Lord's table (supper) and the table of demons (pagan meals). Often, the flesh of sacrificed animals would stop until the markets. About it, Paul says that Christians should buy without worry (10:25). It should not ask about the origin of meat.

Similarly, if a Christian were to lunch in the house of a wicked, should eat everything without asking (10:27). However, if the host said that this meat was a sacrifice to idols, the Christian should reject it, not because of idol or because of the animal, but because eating could be interpreted as participation in idolatry or at least approval (10.28).

Religion and Philosophy If, at that time, Greek philosophy was influential throughout the world, let alone in Corinth, who was in Greece. The classical philosophy is characterized by human interpretation of reality. Such thinking has formed and still form many concepts that are generally accepted as truth.

Paul's words make us understand that the Corinthians had distorted concepts about love, freedom and wisdom. Often, philosophy is used to mount justification for sin. The Greeks were proud of his philosophical knowledge. The apostle strives to show that the human understanding is madness. He tries to show the true meaning of love, freedom, wisdom, etc .. In the text that will 1:18 to 2:16, Paul confronts human wisdom with divine wisdom. Was in high Gnostic thinking, which supervalorizava knowledge, involvement in the human salvation. Science took the air of spiritual virtue. In addition to emphasizing the divine wisdom to human wisdom, Paul also says: "The swells science, but love builds up" (I Cor.8.1).

The matter was seen by the Gnostics as malignant. Hence arise various heresies: If matter is evil, marriage also. Paul combat this idea in I Cor. 7.5. The resurrection of the body was seen as "materialistic". So Paul explains and defends the doctrine of resurrection in Chapter 15. While some Gnostics, on the supposed evils of the matter, chose the asceticism, that is, by the denial of sexual desires and total abstinence, other, combining Gnosticism and Christianity, It is thought protected from all evil and thus could supposedly indulging the desires without restrictions. Knowledge, freedom and love were misunderstood elements, misplaced and poorly valued at Corinth. This came to cause a lot of problems in the church. Some thought that the Christian freedom gave them right to do anything, whether participation in the meals of pagan temples or even sexual intercourse with prostitutes.

                Paul is against all these variations of the philosophical influence and false interpretation of Christianity. So he condemns sexual debauchery, while defending the legitimacy of sex within marriage (I Cor. 6.15-16 and I Cor.7). Christian freedom is indeed wide. However, love is its largest parameter. So if, in the exercise of our freedom, we surpassed the limits of love to God and neighbor, we went out of Christian freedom and we enter the realm of sin. So Paul says, "All things are lawful, but not all agree me." (I Cor. 10.23). "Know ye not that your bodies are members of Christ? Shall I then take the members of Christ and make them members will harlot? No, of course" (I Cor.6.15). By using the expression "not know", it is clear the issue of knowledge. The Corinthians knew a lot, but it was urgent that they knew from the point of view of God, as Paul was looking expose. With regard to food sacrificed to idols, Paul makes it clear that the Christian freedom in principle allow us to participate in them, since the idol is an illusion. However, come again to the fore the issues of love. If such an extreme exercise of freedom is causing scandal to the next, or brother, then love would not be operating. "Let no one seek his own, but every man another's wealth." (I Cor.10.24). The solution. Paul reminds the Corinthians that Jesus is the foundation of their lives. However, on that basis, foreign material was being used for construction. There comes the question of the responsibility of church leaders. We do not know who led the church in Corinth. Apparently, there lacked strong leadership that could lead the church. We see that it was divided into groups. Certainly, there were leaders, but they were not achieving a cohesion between themselves and among the church members. Paul had to send Timothy (I Cor.4.17; 16.10). He insisted that Apollo was there, but this was not possible (I Cor.16.12). The apostle calls the attention of the church to its foundation: Christ (I Cor.3.11). He is also the solution to all these issues and problems. The building needs to be consistent with the foundation.

 Our development in the faith need to use doctrines and concepts consistent with the person and teaching of Christ. He presents Jesus as God's wisdom, righteousness, sanctification and redemption (1.30).

These elements must be combined in the Christian life: wisdom, righteousness, sanctification and redemption. Human wisdom does not produce divine justice in man's life. Human knowledge is not linked to sanctification and often accredits sin. The result of all this will never be redemption, but perdition. Philosophy as building material of the church would not give him firmly. On the contrary, it would cause his downfall and ruin. Paul appeals to the memory of the history of Israel in Chapter 10.1-13. His goal was to show that although these people have left Egypt under the powerful manifestation of the power of God, then perished in the wilderness because it has been driven by various temptations. It is then drawn a parallel of this narrative with the experience of the Corinthians, to which the apostle warns against the risk of failure in faith (10:12). --Macro Division of the letter - Purification of the church (1.1 to 11:34); - Doctrinal orientation (12.1 to 16:24).

OUTLINE (I COR.) I - Salute - 1.1-9

 II - The need for purification of the church - 1.10-31.  Divisions.  Cult of man.  Glory by human wisdom.

III - Example of Paul - 2.1-16. Human wisdom x divine wisdom.  IV - Division: immaturity and carnality - 3.1-4.  V - The ministers in the church - 3.5 to 4.21.  Who are they? 3.5  As farmers - 3.6-8. Employees - 3.10.  builders - 3.10.  Dispensers - 4.1.  ministers (servants) - 4.1. Sufferers! - 4.9-13 (Paul refers to ministers as recent, convicted, show, crazy, weak, despicable This would be the view of the world about them.).  Example for the church - 4:16.

VI - The duty to purify the church - 5.1 to 6.20.  The immorality - 5.1-13; 6.9-20. Dos disputes between brothers - 6.1-8.  VII - Marriage and the Christian life - 7.1-40.  VIII - The freedom and love (freedom with responsibility) - 8.1-13. IX - The example of Paul's resignation - 9.1-27.  X - Examples of Israel's history. Risks to the church. 10.1-15.  XI The Lord's table and the table of demons. 10.16-21.

Idolatry and social relations.  XII - freedom and love - 10.23-33. The food sacrificed to idols.  XIII - Observation of social customs - 11.1-16.  The risk of scandals (obs .: 10:32).

 XIV - The Lord's Supper - 11.17-34. XV - Spiritual gifts and the body of Christ - 12.1-31.

 XVI - The supremacy of love - 13.1-13.  XVII - The gift of tongues, prophecy and the order in worship - 14.1-40.  XVIII - The doctrine of resurrection - 15.1-58.  XIX - Final Instructions. Offers to Jerusalem. Greetings. - 16.1-24. Author Anísio Renato de Andrade - Bachelor of Theology.

Second Letter to the Corinthians "Theological Explanation" Shortly after sending the first letter, must have arisen in Corinth any disciplinary crisis with unpleasant consequences, which forced him to make a quick and bitter visit the city, during which he promised to return soon to stay longer. However, a new incident in which seems to have been outraged Paul's authority in the person of one of its representatives, did replace this visit by a severe letter and writing "through many tears," which produced a salutary effect. This second letter to the Corinthians was written at the end of year 57. Some time later, he passed again by Corinth and from there returned to Jerusalem, where he was arrested.

             Paul begins the letter with considerations and criticizing in a hidden way, the events that happened in the Community, stressing that always caused him immense joy to meet the Christian community of Corinth, as he perceived, when there came, his presence was always a ' grace ", being among them. For this reason, felt great tribulation and was with the heart distressed writing them "amid many tears, not to grieve you, but that you may know the overflowing love I have for you". However, soon after, changes the subject, interrupting the memory of unpleasant events and makes a digression on his apostolic ministry. Then he mentions the script of the trip and when intended to return to Corinth to meet with the faithful Christians.

And on this occasion, with determination and clarity, confirms its apostolic work mainly driven by the SPIRIT OF GOD, saying, "We preach not ourselves, but Christ Jesus the Lord." "It was he himself who shone in our hearts to shine the knowledge of His glory that shines in Christ's face" described below, all their troubles and sorrows, as well as the hopes of his ministry, saying: "We are afflicted on all sides, but not crushed; placed in extreme difficulty, but not overcome by impasses "..." For we know that He who raised the Lord Jesus will also raise us with Jesus and place us before Him with you. " The Apostle reveals his absolute belief in the resurrection on the fear of death, teaching that if our earthly house goes to ruin, we will have in heaven an exquisite building and eternal work of God. Everyone will have to appear before the judgment seat of Christ, where they will receive the reward of having made during its existence. Thus, always pervaded the fear of the LORD, he sought to teach and convince people, showing them the path of law, justice and brotherly love. And therefore also expected to be received kindly and understood by the consciousness of every believer. "We do not recommend again unto you, but we want to give you the opportunity to you boasting to us, in order that you may answer those who boast only by appearances, and not for what is in the hearts. If we allow ourselves to snatch out of common sense, it was because of God; if we are wise, it's because of you. " (To put it within easy reach of readers in their particular zeal to convince and convert people). And within this reality, in either case, he acted always compelled by Christ's love. And complete your reasoning reminding them that they are collaborators in the Divine mission and thus should not receive "God's grace in vain." (A Thanksgiving occupies an important place in the epistles of St. Paul, because Thanksgiving should animate every Christian shares held in Christ's name and assumed by it in your thanksgiving to the Eternal Father. Thus, gratitude is a corresponding duty to God's Will, because the Christian thanksgiving "returns", however imperfectly, the grace emanating from the Lord God).

(It is exactly this part of Missive, Paul returns to refer, secretly, to unpleasant events and makes exhortations to the Corinthian believers). (2 Cor 6: 2)  Now is the favorable time to salvation according to the divine designs, so we must avoid happen any stumbling block, so that your ministry is not subject to scandal. On the contrary, the Apostle urges, as God's ministers, we recommend: "perseverance to suffer tribulations, in necessities, in distresses, in stripes, in imprisonments, in disorders, in fatigues, in vigils, in fasting, the purity, the science, by patience, by kindness, by a holy spirit, by love unfeigned, by the word of truth, by the power of God, the offensive and defensive weapons of justice, glory and contempt, good and bad name; taken as impostors, and yet, truthful; as unknown, and yet known; as dying and yet, behold, we live; as punished, and yet, killed; how sad and yet always rejoicing; as destitute and yet, making many rich; as having nothing, though all possess "! Following the Apostle makes harsh criticism and warnings, so that the consciousness of the people is awakened and there is harmony and understanding: "Our mouth is opened to you, O Corinthians; our heart is enlarged. It is not narrow the place you occupy in us, but in your hearts that are in the narrowness. Pagai us with equal consideration; I speak to you as unto children also open wide your hearts! " He wrote more: "No team formeis inconsistent with unbelievers. What affinity is there between righteousness and wickedness? What fellowship is there between light and darkness? What agreement between Christ and Beliar? "(Beliar or Belial, which is the evil one, Satan)" What is the relationship between the believer and the unbeliever? What's common between God's temple and idols? Now it is we who are the temple of the living God as God himself said: In the midst of them dwell and walk, will be their God, and they shall be my people ".. (. Eze 37,27) Having completed their warnings, Paul quotes the Prophet Ezekiel and calls the faithful to purify the sins that spotted the body and the soul, so that they can walk in the fear of God to the pursuit of personal sanctification. If you grieved with my letter, writes the Apostle , do not regret it, because the sorrow brings repentance that leads to salvation.

In the second part of the letter he addresses the "Collection of Organization". Urges the Corinthians to generosity, discussing topics that you hold dear: poverty, a source of enrichment for others; the example of Christ, the gift of God which raises the gift of Christians. He also emphasizes the virtues of the faithful: "Since everything you have in abundance: faith, eloquence, science, every kind of zeal and charity that inspired you, seek also distinguish you in this work of generosity. When there is good will, we are well accepted with the resources we have; not matter what we do not. We do not want the benefit of others is for you because of affliction, but that there may be equality. " Paul explains that the faithful should only offer the superfluous, that is, what will not you miss later. By collecting the Apostle puts into practice what he teaches: "Nothing makes inconvenient, does not seek its own interests, is not provoked, thinks no evil ..." (1 Cor 13.5) Then he makes a presentation complimentary of the delegates who are at the service of the Christian Communities. He mentions that Tito was a pagan origin of Christian converted by him and to whom the son of flame, and the other is probably made Lucas, who soon stood out for its bright and earnest way of preaching the Gospel. And ending this second part of his letter, highlight the benefits that will result to the collection, citing verses from the Book Proverbs: "Know that soweth sparingly (little) will also reap sparingly, and whoever sows breadth (abundance), with breadth also reap. " (Pr 11: 24-25) In the third part, forced by events in the Community Christian, makes an apology of his person, responding first about the "weakness of charge." "I do not want to give the impression you instill fear by my letters." (That is, that the severity of Paul was merely verbal) "For the letters, they say, are severe and energetic, but since this is a weak man and his language is negligible." He explains simple and quick word that this is not true and recommends that they are aware of yourself, why just as speech, he also founded.

 Responding to "ambition of charge," he reminded his opponents and had slandered the sole title of glory the high opinion they made themselves. Paul added, as for me, I can glorify me that I have fulfilled the mission that God has entrusted to me, because I founded the church in Corinth. And then the Apostle said, we hope that when your faith has grown enough, so we will have chance to grow even more in your esteem. "Whoever glories, should boast in the Lord. For not the one who commends himself is approved, but the one that God recommends.  Constrained to do praise himself, Paul prays: "Bear with me!" And with devotion explains his zeal for all of them, similarly to God's zeal for all of us. And so, fears that their thoughts are corrupt and happen as the seduction of the serpent in Paradise, diverting them from the simplicity due to Christ, that is, they come to accept the preaching of someone that delivers a different Jesus than that he teaches. "But I believe to be lower, in anything, these eminent apostles! Even though I am unskilled in speaking, am not in the know ". "Was it my fault announce to you free the Gospel of God, humbling myself to exalt you"?

All events in the life of the Apostle ensejavam to boast of his work. But he was always modest and above all, put GOD's Will first. But reminded the Corinthians: "The signs that distinguish the Apostle took place among you: patience to all evidence, miraculous signs and wonders and portentous acts." Paul ends the letter revealing their concerns and worries, because he fears that when he returned to Corinth, find discord, jealousy, rivalry, arrogance and disorder as in the past. Therefore, disappointed and embarrassed will have to act and mourn many of those who sinned previously and returning to sin, having been converted to uncleanness, fornication and transgressions they have committed.

Comment on 2 Corinthians 1: 1: 1-2 Paul and Timothy sent this letter to the Corinthian church and the other saints in Achaia. Obs .: As was his custom, Paul included his co-worker in greeting, but the letter is the apostle himself. For this reason, he refers to himself in the first person, and comments on Timothy in the third person (see 1:19). 1: 3-11 Paul thanked the consolation that God gives. Christ's suffering favors his servants. The comfort that God gave to Paul, in his suffering, the apostle equipped to comfort others who went through troubles. How to participate in the suffering, participate,

also of the consolation. Paul had trouble in Asia, to the point of despair of life itself.

For this experience, he learned to trust in God even more (see 12: 9-10).

         The apostle thanked the prayers of the Corinthians in his favor. Obs .: The rest of the book, Paul will comment a lot about your attitude to suffering, especially in Chapter 12. 1: 12-14 Paul said his sincerity towards the Corinthians, and recalled that his message was of God, and humana.1 not of wisdom: 15-22 Paul defended his honesty regarding the changes in his plans. He had planned a trip to Corinth. From there he would go to Macedonia and back to Corinth before proceeding to Judea. When we did not travel as intended, of course some questioned his integrity. He defended himself, saying that his word was reliable, as the word of the Lord. Note. Paul quotes in this paragraph, the Father, the Son and the Spirit. He said that we are confirmed in Christ, anointed by God (the Father), and sealed in the Spirit. So he shows God the privilege of being in communion with the three divine persons (see Matthew 28:19; John 14: 17,23; 1 Corinthians 6:19). 1: 23-24: Paul said he had not yet gone to Corinth to spare them. Based on reviews found later in the book, we understand that Paul was giving time to the Corinthians repent of some sins, to avoid the need for harsh reprimands (see, for example, 10: 2.9 to 11; 12: 19-21 ; 13: 1 to 2.10). 2 Corinthians 2: 1-4 Paul did not return to Corinth in sorrow; then gave time to solve the problems first. He did not gloat in their sorrow. Rather, he wanted to participate in the joy of these dear brothers. The obvious sadness in his letter showed their true love for them. Obs .: What letter? Some commentators believe that Paul sent a letter between 1 and 2 Corinthians, berating the Corinthians for some wrong attitudes. It is assumed that this stern letter was sent after a quick and unpleasant visit (which would have been, according to this interpretation, the second visit, since he was planning a third visit in 12:14 and 13: 1). 2: 5-11 When Brother sinner repents and returns, must be upheld in love for the brethren. Such punishment would probably be the rejection of the sinner from among the congregation, as the teaching of 1 Corinthians 5. One of the purposes of such expulsion is the salvation of the sinner's spirit, that is, repentance and forgiveness of him. Once the sinner repents, should be forgiven and comforted. Obs .: What brother? Paul does not identify the brother returned. It may be immoral man of 1 Corinthians 5. It can be one of the men complaining against brother in 1 Corinthians 6. It can be any other case not specified. No matter what sin or the identity of the sinner. The principle taught here is valid in any case of repentance of a brother who sinned. When he repents, forgive the others should (see Matthew 18: 15-35). Brother sorry to be forgiven and comforted, to avoid being consumed by excessive sorrow. The sadness and guilt serve to lead us to repentance (7:10; James 8-10). But if you stay in sorrow and shame, the person will be consumed and won by mistake. The repentant brother must feel the love of the other disciples. 2: 12-13 Paul was recently at Troas, because not find Titus.

He continued his journey to Macedonia. Obs .: Leaving Ephesus, Paul went to Troas (also in Asia), and

then went on to Macedonia, which is part of Europe. 2: 14-17. The aroma of life and death.

                 In this paragraph, Paul symbolically uses the image of a triumphal parade of an army. After the battle, the commander led his soldiers, followed by the prisoners. The burned incense carried the smell of victory to the winners, but the smell of death to prisoners because they would be killed after the show. Paul preached a message only. The same word that makes the sinner feel guilty and deserves death brings the good news of life to the faithful. Paul said that not mercadejava the word, reaffirming his sincerity. 2 Corinthians 3: 1-11: Paul did not need to give recommendation letter to the Corinthians to establish its credibility, because the Corinthians themselves were evidence of his work. It begins here a contrast between the gospel of Christ and the Old Testament law. Note the main points: the Old Covenant New Covenant Tinta X X X Spirit  Stone Meat / hearts Letra kills X Spirit quickens Ministry of death X Ministry of the Spirit   Justice Sentencing X X Formerly Current Desvanecia up Permanent X X Glória About excellent glory. Obs .: "The letter kills, but the Spirit gives life." Many people distort the meaning of this phrase, to using the verse to say that Bible study can be harmful! But the context of the study of little shows that this interpretation is completely erroneous. In context, the letter represents the system of the Old Testament law, which brought knowledge of the consequences of sin, but did not disclose the path to salvation. The spirit is the word of Christ, who gives us the solution to our problem. 3: 12-18: The big difference between the New Testament and the Old can be summed up in the word "hope." We have hope and therefore have reason to speak boldly about Christ. Obs .: The big difference between the gospel of Christ and many religions and philosophies is hope. Many religions offer "hope" to return the reincarnation to live again, perhaps as a person in a life more painful, perhaps as a cow or fly. Other religions offer the "hope" of losing identity in some kind of universal consciousness. Various philosophies offer "hope" to die and cease to exist. But Jesus offers hope of eternal life. Peter understood this fact when he said to Jesus, "Lord, to whom shall thou hast the words of eternal life" (John 6:68). Paul said that people who were still relying on the law of Moses still had a veil that hid the truth about Christ. The veil is not about Moses' face, but on the hearts of those who do not convert to Christ. True freedom is in the Spirit of the Lord. Obs .: Liberty X libertine. Paul said that freedom is the Spirit of God, but many people seek freedom elsewhere. To reject the word of the Lord, rebelling against his authority to accomplish his will. Such profligacy results in spiritual slavery of the person (2 Peter 2: 18-20). By the Spirit, are changed into the image of the Lord. Obs .: The image of God. God created man in his image (Genesis 1: 26-27), but the man spotted the image with sin. Jesus showed us the Father's image (2 Corinthians 4: 4; Colossians 1:15). We are remade in the image of Christ (2 Corinthians 3:18; Colossenses3: 10). Obs .: Consider the statements of verses 17 and 18 regarding the divinity of the Holy Spirit, "the Lord is the Spirit" and "the Lord, the Spirit." And there are still people who deny the personality and divinity of it! 2 Corinthians 4 4: 1-6 Paul did his work in a transparent and honest way, and did not intend to give it up.

        Other walked shamefully, using cunning and handling the word of God. Blind people still missing, not seeing the image of God in Christ. Paul did not preach a particular doctrine, but rather, the gospel of Christ. Paul, chosen by Christ to be an apostle, was placed in the servo position of the Corinthians, for Jesus' sake. Obs .: It is important to note, in Paul's letters, the use of words as a servant, submission, sacrifice, etc. It shows an attitude of humble service, we should imitate. Through Christ, we know the glory of God. 4: 7-15

In this paragraph, Paul explains well the great responsibility of the apostles. In the context, in which he talks about his own death, it seems that the earthen vessels are the apostles themselves. This does not, however, our responsibility in spreading the gospel today (see the transfer of this responsibility from one generation to another in 2 Timothy 2: 2). Paul always wanted to manifest the power of Christ, and not your own. Obs .: confidence in the flesh. In the letters to the Corinthians, Paul strongly rejects the emphasis on the works of men. The big trend in many churches today, is to honor men of improvements carried out (seminars diplomas, honor titles, glory of successful work, recognition by men, etc.). Paul put all that man is, and everything that man does in the category of a clay vessel.

The glory belongs to the treasure stored in the vessel, not the vessel itself. Verse 10 introduces a theme mentioned several other times by Paul. The Christian, in some ways, part of Christ's death and also participates in the life after the resurrection (compare Romans 6: 3-4; 2 Corinthians 5:17; Colossians 3: 1-10). In verse 13, he sums up the meaning of Psalm 116, where God is praised for delivering his servant to death. In this context, Paul shows the same confidence. It will be delivered from death in the resurrection, and all who hear the gospel can participate in the same hope. 4: 16-18. Because of the hope of the resurrection, Paul never discouraged when contemplating his own death. He showed his faith in God's promises, and puts his trust in the eternal and unseen. 2 Corinthians 5: 5: 1-5 In this paragraph, Paul presents a Christian perspective of physical death. The physical body is a tabernacle (tent) land that is being spent. The spiritual body is a building (temple) eternal and heavenly. The saints groan in this body, wanting to be coated of eternal life. This hope is valid only for people prepared / dressed image of Christ, not unprepared / spiritually naked (see Colossians 3: 5-12; 2 Peter 1: 4). Paul makes it clear that he does not desire the death, but eternal life. He did not want to be naked; he wants to be coated of life. Obs .: The desire to die. It is important to understand the difference between the will of Paul and the king's will Saul, Judas Iscariot and others who, even today, consider suicide an exit. Paul did not want death, but life. He was not running from the problems of this life, but looking at the end of the road (2 Timothy 4: 6-8). While wanting to be with God in eternity, Paul did not hastened his own death. He trusted God to decide the right time to give you the crown of life. Although God has rid the faithful of fear of dying, he did not authorize suicide. God has prepared for eternal life, already giving a sample of eternal life through the Spirit (see Ephesians 1:13). Obs .: The eternal life, present or future? When the Bible teaches about salvation in Christ and eternal life, speaks in two directions (see 1 Timothy 4: 8). In a sense, the disciples of Christ already have salvation and participate in the spiritual life in Him (Acts 2:47; 15:11; Romanos.6:. 4; Ephesians 2: 1,5; Colossians 2:13; 1 John 5. : 12-13). In another sense, we are still awaiting salvation and eternal life (see Rom. 2: 7; 13:11; Galatians 6: 8; Titus 3:.. 7; Hebrews 9:28; Jude 21). 5: 6-10: Paul walked in hope of eternal life that motivated him to be pleasing to God. We will all be judged by the things done in the body. Obs .: Judgment according to the things done in his body. Despite the confusion caused by various human doctrines, some biblical statements are clear. The various philosophies and religions that teach reincarnation face a problem in verse 10. Paul did not speak of judgment of the things done through the body. He spoke of one body (see Hebrews 9:27). But Jesus says that all will be resurrected at the same time for the final judgment (John 5: 28-29). 5: 11-17: Paul preached with conviction, convinced of Christ's message. He did not trust the appearances of the flesh, but in fact the heart. Others thought crazy, but he continued serving God. Those who are in Christ are new creatures. Obs .: Verse 17 shows the great difference between death and darkness of the past and the life and light in Christ. Unfortunately, some people twist the meaning of the verse to justify sin. Suggest that the person who practiced sin can continue the same practices, because now God made everything new. But he did it all again when justified (saved, forgiven) the sinner. He did not justify sin. To be new creatures, we have to stop doing things condemned by God (see 1 Corinthians 6: 9-11). 5: 18-21: Paul's work was the ministry of reconciliation, promoting peace between God and men (see Isaiah 59: 1-2; Ephesians 2: 14-18).  Paul enjoyed reconciliation, and began to preach the same message to others. He says, "God has reconciled us ..." (5:18) and "God was in Christ reconciling the world" (5:19). Consider well the profound message of verse 21 about the great change made by God: Jesus knew no sin, and God made him to be sin for us. We know sin, and God made us justice through him! He bore our sins; take upon us His righteousness! How wonderful! 2 Corinthians 6: In the previous paragraph (5: 18-21), Paul spoke of reconciliation. He said that Christ reconciled us, and gave the ministry of reconciliation to his ambassadors. He keeps talking about this second aspect of reconciliation (his role as a servant of Jesus) at the beginning of Chapter 6: 1-3   Paul urged them not to receive the grace of Christ in vain, stressing the urgency of his obedience. Obs .: He quotes Isaiah 49: 8 as the word of Jesus. This verse is part of a series of Messianic prophecies in Isaiah under the theme "The Servant of the Lord." Paul served with all sincerity and dedication, not to impede the progress of the gospel. 6: 4-10: Instead of giving a scandal, Paul refused at all to be a good ambassador for Christ. He accepted suffering in his life (verses 4 and 5), and has also developed features the qualities of a faithful servant (verse 6). Obs .: It seems that Paul was still being criticized and rejected by some among the Corinthians. His love unfeigned (without hypocrisy) suggests a contrast with the false love of false apostles who were disturbing the Corinthians (see 11:13). Paul was confident in God's power to do its job, regardless of misinterpretations made by other people. 6: 11-13: Paul feels embarrassed, not for lack of will on their part, but the rejection by the Corinthians. His heart was wide open to receive them, but they were closed. 6: 14-18: In these verses, and the first chapter 7, Paul highlights the importance of sanctification in the lives of Christians. There can be no agreement between the things of God and the the evil one. Note the contrasts: Justice X Iniquity  Light X Cristo XO Dark Evil  Believer X Awe Sanctuary of God X Idols. In verses 16-18, Paul uses several Old Testament quotations about the holy people. God wanted a holy people in Israel, but the Jews did not fulfill its responsibility. Then he began to prophesy about a holy people and fulfilled the prophecies in spiritual Israel, the church. Today, in Christ, we participate in the communion of the Almighty who dwells among Christians. 2 Corinthians 7 Paul concludes chapter 6 with a call to holiness. He cited the great promises of communion with God, saying that God walks and dwells among the fiéis.7: 1: Based on the great promises of communion with God, Paul asks each student: (1) Purify yourself from all impurity ( a) the flesh (immorality, works of the flesh). (B) the spirit (idolatry, doctrines and wrong practices). (2) Improve the holiness with reverence and respect for God.7: 2-4: Paul returns to talk about the problems between him and the Corinthians. He asks to open their hearts, saying he always acted in good faith and sinceridade.7: 5-16: Paul began to review your search for Titus 2: 12-13. He said he came to Troas (starting from Ephesus) and found Tito. For this reason, went to Macedonia. At 2:14, he thanked God for the victory, but did not explain the specific reason of thanksgiving. He kept talking about the blessings of God and the privilege to participate in them. Here, it comes back to the issue of demand for Tito. When Paul arrived in Macedonia, he did not find Titus. He felt distressed, experiencing several problems with this concern about this brother and co-worker. But God comforted by the arrival of Titus, leading encouraging news of the Corinthians. Paul commented on the severity of an earlier letter. Obs .: It is possible that there was another letter between 1 and 2 Corinthians, where Paul rebuked some wrong attitudes of the Corinthians. Many people believe that, between the two letters, Paul would have made a visit to Corinth and that because some problems with the brothers in the visit, would have sent a stern letter, correcting them. He rejoiced because of true repentance of them. In verse 10, he made a valuable comment about the sorrow and repentance. Sadness to understand that our sin hurts to God himself produces true repentance that leads to salvation. But the sorrow of the world, to be regretted because of personal and immediate consequences without understanding the larger effects of sin, repentance does not produce what God wants. May cause a feeling of remorse (as Judas Iscariot) felt when returned the money

                    May cause a feeling of remorse (as Judas Iscariot) felt when returned the money of betrayal), but does not produce true repentance we need to get out of sin. In addition to its proper joy to repentance of the Corinthians, Paul was even more pleased when he heard how they treated Timothy. Paul began this chapter with sadness, asking them to open their hearts to accept it. Closed the chapter praising the attitude of the Corinthians, and saying that he had full confidence in them. 2 Corinthians 8: In chapters 8 and 9, Paul encourages the Corinthians to freely participate in the assistance to the needy saints in Judea. In this teaching, we find instructions and examples that show an aspect of true love between brothers in Christ. Those who could afford helped others in need of assistance. 8: 1-7 Paul quotes the good example of the Macedonian churches to encourage generosity of the Corinthians. Despite their own problems, the Macedonians proved liberals and the support of the saints. Insisted on helping, even over capacity. Such generosity did not start with money, but with the sacrifice of themselves. Obs .: Once we give ourselves to the Lord, we must understand that our resources (money, skills, etc.) are tools to use in the service of God. The disciples in Macedonia understood this. Obs .: The grace granted. Paul uses this term to describe the privilege of sacrifice, giving money to help others. 8: 8-15. Paul did not want to force the Corinthians to participate in this grace, but seeks to encourage them to voluntarily give for love. He cites the example of Jesus. He left the riches of heaven and became poor because of his love for us. Through his poverty, we get the spiritual riches that he sent. Paul expects the implementation of the plans of the Corinthians. They have spoken of willingness to help; he hopes the demonstration of that love. Note. Will and accomplish. We should always strive to put into practice our spiritual planes. It is important to want to grow and do well. It is up to us to play our part to make such good intentions. See Philippians 2: 12-13. Paul does not expect anyone give up their conditions, or want some being overloaded while others are relieved. He seeks equality between brothers. Obs .: Equality. Some interpret a literal and wrong way the word "equality" (8:13). Neither Paul nor other servants of God in the New Testament preached absolute equality in terms of material goods. They have not proposed any communist system where everyone would have exactly the same things. We are still rich and poor among the early disciples, but there was no need for anyone to go hungry while others had plenty. Obs .: God will provide. The quote comes from Exodus 8:15 16:18, a passage that emphasizes the fact that God provides for our needs (compare Matthew 6: 21-34). 8: 16-24. Paul wants to avoid the shame of brothers come to Corinth to find the unprepared Corinthians. So he sent three brothers to help prepare the collection of the Corinthians before they reach others with Paul. These three are: Titus (8:16), a brother appointed by the churches (8:18), and more a reliable brother (8:22). Elected by the churches (8:19). Some seek any support to justify the creation of large denominations, complete with their national congresses, etc. But once a church has shown its confidence in a brother to accompany Titus, he was "elected" or "chosen" by that church. When another congregation, knowing the same brother asked the same thing, he was "elected by the churches." There's nothing here to justify meetings or organizations involving several churches in collective decisions. 9: 1-5. At the beginning of chapter 8, Paul used the example of the Macedonians to encourage the donation of the Corinthians. Now, he said he used also the example of the Corinthians to encourage the Macedonians! We should encourage one another in love and good works (see Hebrews 10:24). Paul sent the brothers mentioned at the end of chapter 8 to avoid any embarrassment later. They help the Corinthians to prepare the offer, not to be ashamed with the arrival of other brothers later. 9: 6-15. Paul encourages the Corinthians to give generously. He cites a well-known principle in Scripture: ceifamos what we sow. The offer is voluntary, according to the decision of each to give with joy. Obs .: It is the obligation to contribute? Here Paul says that the offer should not be made out of necessity, but 1 Corinthians 16: 1-2 deals with the same subject as order. We can understand this: it is the responsibility of every Christian to contribute, but we should not do it just because of the obligation. We must understand the purpose of supply and participate with joy, recognizing the privilege of participating in the Lord's work. Instead of holding our money, refusing to use it to serve others, we must remember that all our blessings and our ability to come from the Lord. Obs .: Verse 9 is a quote from Psalm 112: 9. The entire Psalm 112 talks about the importance of kindness and loyalty servant to be blessed by God. The generosity of the Gentiles in helping the needy saints in Jerusalem had other benefits: - In addition to helping those saints showed gratitude to God. - In addition to helping those saints showed communion with all the saints. On the other hand, the other saints prayed in favor of the Corinthians. Who deserves the gratitude and glory is God himself. In this chapter, Paul returns to the defense of his apostleship in contrast to the claims of false apostles who led the Corinthians to error. At times, he takes the point of view of its critics, using irony to put in a weak position. A careful reading is required to not get lost in the change of "tone" in the words of Paulo.10: 1-6

Paul said he was humble among them but bold in his letters. He later explained that this was an accusation made by his detractors (compare verse 10: "say"). For now, Paul uses this to reinforce his point. The meaning is this: "All right, you believe me when this meek and severe when absent So do everything to fix their problems, because do not want to be harsh when I get there.." Despite the opinions of others about Paul, he affirms its determination to do right, in accordance with the will of God and not of men. Verses 3-6 describe well the attitude and tactics servant of God in the spiritual battles. Note: - We are human beings, but we do not use human tactics. - The weapons we use are spiritual, not carnal. - With the mighty weapons of God, we can overcome the force of men (fortresses, sophistry, haughtiness, thoughts).

-Our Goal is simple: "take captive every thought to the obedience of Christ", completing our submission. Obs .: Fallacies are thoughts or reasoning that seem reasonable and valid, but are false. Paul shows here that the wisdom of God is greater than the supposed wisdom of men. 10: 7-12

Paul asks for his critics to be fair to him. They considered themselves servants of Christ, but denied his position in the Lord's family. In fact, Paul was not one bit inferior to them. He had received Christ's authority to build, not to destroy. Obs .: To build and not to destroy. Paul shows one of the fundamental problems of partisanship. Rather than build, the carnal spirit destroys. In 1 Corinthians 3: 1-16, he stressed the same point. Real servants do not seek to create or defend their own parties (thus destroying the body of Christ). Each of us must build and contribute to the good of the body. Paul did not accept the accusation that he was strong and weak when the letters present. Prometheus, if necessary, use the same severity in their presence. Obs .: Wrong patterns for evaluation of men. Paul refused to be evaluated by comparisons with other men, and condemned the practice. Unfortunately, many so-called servants of the Lord have not grasped the meaning of this teaching. Today there are comments about what the preacher is better than the other, prizes for best sermons, best books, best evangelical websites, etc. People who claim to be Christians participate boldly the self-promotion of sin. This practice does not fit into the kingdom of God (see Matthew 20:27; 23:11; Luke 17:10). 10: 13-18 Paul did not try to validate their work by comparisons with the work of others. He found himself in the context of the responsibility that God has given you. The sphere of action it included Corinth and he would do the work between them, despite the opposition of some "brothers". Obs .: The sphere of action. Although Paul comment on geographical locations, it does not suggest limits of physical territory in the Lord's work. The apostles were sent to the world (Mark 16:15), and the same responsibility to preach the gospel was transmitted to reliable and reputable men (2 Timothy 2: 2). People who are now owners of certain "territories" in the work of the Lord show the same carnal attitude that Paul condemned. As servants of God, we can and must preach in any place where there is opportunity. In this paragraph, we find a phrase that should control all the proud tendencies of self aggrandizement: "But he that glories, should glory in the Lord" (verse 17) .11: 1-6. Paul justifies his madness! In the second half of this chapter, it will use some arguments that usually do not employ. Here he explains why. He was acting out of love to the Corinthians, doing everything to prevent them from falling in the deception of false apostles. Obs .: The "madness" of Paul. When carnal men began to compare people, Paul left behind. Others were more eloquent or more polished than Paul. Not at all!

Paul stayed behind. Others were more eloquent or more polished than Paul. He said, ironically, he was crazy and the Corinthians themselves wise (1 Corinthians 4:10). Of course it was not the case. In 1 Corinthians 2:16, he said he had the mind of Christ. Early in 1 Corinthians 3, called the Corinthians carnal children. Similarly, he criticized people who thought themselves wise, saying that we should boast only in the Lord (2 Corinthians 10: 12.17 to 18). Paul was not crazy, but considered any defense based on the human made a kind of madness. So he responded with this kind of argument in 1 Corinthians 4: 10-13 and will use the same approach in 2 Corinthians 11: 21-29. Paul's zeal highlights the importance of keeping ourselves pure, and help others do the same. Paul sought to protect the Corinthians of false teachers to present the bride as a virgin to her true husband, Christ. Obs .: The bride of Christ. Paul uses here a very common illustration to describe the people of God. Since the Old Testament, the relationship between God and his people was compared to the engagement and marriage. In the New Testament we find the same picture in several books (Tip for your own study: make a list of flights that use the wedding picture to describe this spiritual relationship). In this figure, come several applications: the purity of the bride (here), the love of husband and submission of women (Ephesians 5: 22-33), the spiritual adultery problem (the book of Hosea, Ezekiel 16); the bride's attire for the wedding (Revelation 21: 2), etc. 11: 7-15. Instead of praise as others, especially the false apostles (such apostles-11: 5), Paul had humbled to serve. He lived humbly. Not ask for money to the Corinthians, even through hardship. Obs .: "robbed other churches ..." (8-9). Paul received their sustenance from other congregations. He did not become heavy to the Corinthians. He did not see the work with a church as "business" to profit materially and, yes, as a service and sacrifice. He needed sustenance, of course, and received from other congregations. Specifically, he cites the Macedonian aid received during his time in Corinth. Likewise, evangelists today can be sustained by churches (see 1 Corinthians 9: 11-15). As here, the support should be sent directly to the church preacher (Philippians 4: 15-17). There is no authorization in the Scriptures to create or maintain some sort of missionary society, or to raise a congregation above other as mother or sponsoring church. Paul's humility does not reflect a lack of confidence in relation to their message or their mission (10). For what reason Paul confront these false apostles? To destroy lives and show lack of love? Not at all! He entered this spiritual battle to save the Corinthians loved the damage and destruction that the false teachers bring. Obs .: The controversial aspect of our service. Any faithful servant of God will have to face the enemies of the cross, and we should prepare for such confrontations (1 Peter 3:15). We must never forget that they are spiritual battles (2 Corinthians 10: 3-6) and that the purpose is not the destruction of those who oppose us, but the salvation of the same. Our focus should not be on the battle itself, but the people who want to extract the pernicious errors of the evil one (2 Timothy 2: 24-26). Satan and his servants appear as angels of light, as if they were apostles of Christ and justice ministers. One of the greatest weapons of the devil is his cunning. He sells corruption and death, but in attractive packaging that seem innocent. Servants of Satan are often friendly and helpful people that seem so sincere that other people are easily deceived by them. We must remember that Satan himself appears as an angel of light, and his servants are wolves dressed as lambs. 11: 16-33. This passage is an example of the "madness" of Paul. In fact, he never defend with carnal arguments, trying to exalt. The point that he wants to teach here is simple: If God's servants were entitled to glory, as the false apostles of you do, I could defend myself very well. But, in fact, have no right to exalt us. The tolerance of false teachers will lead you to spiritual slavery. The arguments of Paul's madness: (1) its genealogy: pure lineage of the Jews. (2) Your job: minister of Christ who suffered a lot because of their faith (3) Concern for the churches:. A weight even more than physical suffering. Paul did not gloried in these things. The only thing that gave him reason to glory was his own weakness. When faced intense persecution, it was God who gave deliverance. The weakness of Paul, to its inability to defend itself, highlighted the greatness of God and his power (see 10:17). This is the theme of the beginning of chapter 12. Note .: As we need men like Paul today! It is sad to note the lack of humility among supposed servants of Christ. Men seek to glorify, exalt and each other, even in the context of churches and spiritual works. Special services to honor men, underlining some because of his theological training, exaltation of people who have achieved material wealth or social position and the use of political leaders as special guests are examples of carnality that Paul rejected and condemned. One of the sad aspects of the deviations of churches and "religious" people are forgetting the qualities that God wants in life of all Christians (read Galatians 5: 22-23; 2 Peter 1: 3-11), the evangelists (1 Timothy 4: 12-16), the deacons (1 Timothy 3: 8-13) and the elders / pastors / overseers (1 Timothy 3: 1-7; Titus 1: 5-9). Some of these passages speak of skill and talent, but the major emphasis is on character, attitudes and behavior of people. Paul did not trust the things he brought to Christ, but in what Christ did for him, transforming his life. Obs .: Paul's concern for the churches (verses 28 and 29). Among the weights he endured, Paul found it harder to worry weight with the churches. He is not complaining about the work itself, or the fatigue he felt. He had so much compassion that really suffered with people. Paul felt the weaknesses and scandals of the brothers in various places, as if he were going through the same problems. Paul continues the comments of Chapter 11, showing that he could boast more than the false apostles who were deceiving the Corinthians. Although it has the glory, because he does not understand well that all the glory belongs to the Lord. 12: 1-6. If it were to exalt, Paul cite their own spiritual experiences, particularly their visions and revelations. Even once he was taken to the third heaven (paradise) where he heard things that man can not speak! But this experience has given no reason for Paul to exalt. It was something he did not receive any act that he did. It was God who gave you this blessing, and Paul remains a mere man. Obs .: "I know a man" - Paul worked so hard to avoid bragging that not identified here. The experience was obviously himself, but he does not mean "I was caught up into paradise!" In fact, he was silent on this issue for 14 years! Obs .: The third heaven - Paul identifies it as paradise. It is often assumed that the first would be the air (heaven) and the second space (sun, moon, stars, etc.). Obs .: If Paul refused to glory in his doing and their spiritual experiences, he can boast in? He has spoken several times: in his weakness. Some of the detractors of Paul considered weak (10:10; 11:21). In his argument here, it makes your "weak" point in strength. He glories in weakness, because his weakness highlights more clearly the power of God (11:30; 12: 5,9,10; 13: 3). 12: 7-10. Illustration of weakness that Paul chose was some suffering what he describes as "thorn in the flesh". It does not identify the thorn, but speaks some interesting things that help us when we face various kinds of suffering in our lives: (1) The thorn served to counter any tendency to ensoberbecer or to exalt. Weaknesses, we remind us of our dependence on God and the fact that we are insignificant compared to him. (2) The thorn was a messenger of Satan. Although God use our anguish for his purpose was Satan who put the thorn in Paul's life. Compare with the case of Job. God allowed the devil grieve. (3) Paul asked three times, but God refused to take the thorn of his life. The doctrines of some churches today to suggest that the Christian life is to be free from suffering, or that suffering is proof of sin in one's life, are erradíssimas doctrines. Paul, a faithful and devoted servant, suffered in the flesh. Faithful servants today can suffer poverty, disease and other sorrows. (4) God's grace is sufficient. Satan sent the thorn, but God used to show the importance of his grace to Paul. (5) God's power is made perfect in human weakness. (6) Paul prefers glory in Christ than to receive the praise of men. (7) Since Paul learned to understand it this way, he took pleasure in infirmities, injuries, etc., because these moments he saw the power of God more clearly. See James 1: 3-4. (8) When Paul was weak in terms of the circumstances of this life, he felt stronger because of the power of God in his life. 12: 11-13. Paul considered all this "madness" unnecessary and embarrassing. The facts should have been obvious to the Corinthians: (1) He was not inferior to the false prophets! (2) He showed the signs of an apostle (miracles) to the Corinthians. (3) The fact that he received no support from the Corinthian church did not make her less than others. (He apologizes for the "injustice" of not being heavy for them!) Note. The signs of an apostle. Paul cites his signs and wonders and miraculous powers as evidence of his apostolate. In this he reminds us of an often overlooked fact about the miraculous gifts in the early church. The signs served to confirm the word preached by the apostles (Mark 16:20; Hebrews 2: 3-4). Today we have the revealed word and confirmed in Scripture, there is no need signals (1 Corinthians 13: 8-13). We are not apostles (eyewitness

Risen Christ - Acts 1:22; 1 Corinthians 15: 8), and we have the signs of an apostle.

             Thank God, we have a more excellent way, more than any miraculous sign; we have the word of God that can save souls! 12: 14-18. Paul did not mean to be "heavy" on next visit to Corinth. He was not behind the goods, but searched people. He was not interested in the money of the Corinthians. Obs .: "the third time" suggests the possibility of a visit by Paul to Corinth between the first and second letter. See comments in this regard in the introduction (Study 1/15). Obs .: The reason for Paul's work. This apostle did not seek material goods of Christians where he worked. He had no fundraising goals or wage demands. Received support, yes, but did not take opportunities to take the assets of the newly converted in the churches he established. Paul spent in working for the souls of the other brothers (15). Returning to use a tone of irony, he says he held the Corinthians intentionally (16). Thus, it calls attention to the fact of sincerity and lack of any selfishness in their work. Neither he nor his companions, had explored the Corinthians. Obs .: Paul and others could have taken advantage of the collections that were made to help the needy brethren in Judea, but did not. In fact, Paul did everything to avoid any suspicion or accusation in relation to money taken (see 8: 19-24). As his work was different from the hidden bargains and sometimes dirty of some churches today! 12: 19-21. Showing the sincerity of his love for the Corinthians, Paul makes another appeal encouraging them to practice purity. He would not want to find them practicing sin. 13: 1-4. Paul prepared to visit Corinth for the third time (see comment on 12:14 in the previous study) and would be prepared to confront the false apostles with justice that the word of God requires. Paul showed certainty that Christ spoke of him, and said his faith in the power of Jesus. Jesus died on weakness but raised and lives in power. Paul (and any other) is weak (see 12:10), but lives by the power of God. 13: 5-10. Paul challenged readers who examine to check your spiritual condition (5). Obs .: The challenge of verse 5 goes for any Christian. Really we are in the faith? As Paul suggested the possibility that the Corinthians were disapproved, he spoke confidently of his own position, and asked them to recognize that he was not disapproved (6). Paul continued praying that the Corinthians do good, without depending on their attitude towards it (7). Paul did not do anything against the truth, and would rejoice if the Corinthians were, in fact, strong (8-9). The corrections made by letter that Paul had the purpose of avoiding a stronger disapproval on visit to Corinth (10). If you need to be tough, he would with the authority that the Lord has given you. 13: 11-13. Like you used to, Paul ended the letter with some greetings to the brothers. It emphasizes: (1) The unity and peace among brothers (11) (2) Brotherly Love (12) Paul closes with a blessing which includes the three divine persons: Jesus, the Father and the Holy Spirit (13). Obs .: Some Bibles divide verse 12 in two (12 and 13), thus giving a total of 14 verses in Chapter. Others have only 13 verses. The content is the same. Here we follow a translation that has 13 verses in the chapter.

Noble reader (a) I can stop here the comment in Paul's letters; simply because you have found a single comment, all the letters of Paul. That "God" bless this brother who presented us with this serious review, based within the word "God". Are people like that that make a difference for the better; therefore humbly placed the disposal of all, its beautiful biblical commentary.

Noble readers (as) this is more a theological comment in the letters of Paul to the Corinthians, I managed to give them a great review, and that everyone can better understand the meaning of each letter. But remembering that these comments have been made here by men who did theology. I just do Bible studies, so different these comments here. The important thing is that those who want to know more theologically, are also valid these comments.

Review, research, review José Carlos Ribeiro, member of the First Baptist Church of MS. I graduated in hospital chaplaincy in 2012, course given by the chaplain Mercedes Tavares and also by UFMs, Course given by Professor of Bioethics for medical students UFMS, chaplain, pastor and captain MS Ednilson Kings Fire Department

Campo Grande MS March 16, 2015 jc0856@hotmail.com